A Transnational Corporation That Is Engaged In International Production And Usually Sales Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1875 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction A transnational corporation (TNC) is a large company engaged in international production and, usually, sales. The largest TNCs-also known as MNEs, for transnational enterprises-have production sites in several or even dozens of nations. An TNC typically scans the whole world, or at least substantial regions of the world, for markets, production sites, and sources of raw materials. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Transnational Corporation That Is Engaged In International Production And Usually Sales Business Essay" essay for you Create order A TNC can be defined as a company that is headquartered in one country but has operations in two or more countries. Large TNCs account for a large percentage of world sales and employment and are therefore courted by governments of the world. TNCs have existed for centuries for example, the East India Company which was founded in 1600, but it is of late that we witness a proliferation of TNCs. This is due to many factors, such as advances in transportation and telecommunication, and the availability of capital across the globe, all of which are the results of globalization. Globalization means different things to different people. To capitalists, it is an extension of laissez-faire economy on a global scale which promotes free trade and elevates the quality of life. Indeed, globalization has improved the lives of countless citizens across the globe by reducing the price of goods and services of items that were previously viewed as luxuries like computers and mobile telephones, and reducing poverty in developing countries. However, globalization has also brought about an unprecedented level of uncertainty and paranoia about jobs being lost and a disappearance of security (Certo, 2000). Even developed countries institute some form of protectionism against unfettered capitalism and populist leaders denounce it as the scourge of humanity, a popular political tool used as a smokescreen over their own inadequacies. The target of protests against globalization in the developed world are of course TNCs, as they are perceived as the root of all economic woes by mercilessly laying off workers and moving operations to locations with cheaper material and labour. In developing countries, TNCs become the target of abuse for human rights violations and creating a loss in the traditional way of life. The monumental changes to the social, economic, political and educational environment are all the outcome of the new global economy (David, 2005). Throughout human histor y, change has never before occurred in such a dramatic and accelerated manner and on such an international scale as what is happening at present. . This new economic order was born as a result of the interplay of three forces which are the liberalization of trade, the information and communication technology boom and of course, globalization. The impact of these forces cannot be understated. With the liberalization of trade, greater integration of economies is made possible (Robbins, 2007). Time and distance have been rendered obsolete because of the information and communication technology boom and national boundaries have become porous due to globalization. Significantly, this new economy is the outcome of an innovative culture (Rugman Hodgetts, 1995). In fact, what defines the new global economy is new ideas, new ways of doing things and new innovations. The complete overhaul of cash flows, the grouping of small businesses into clusters, dramatic changes in the production pro cess and new approaches in marketing have collectively contributed to the economic progress and development that we now enjoy. As international trade flourished, enterprises realized the need to create new and better technology to serve in their best interest (Porter, 1980). Consequently, the entire structure of society had to be reshaped. The driving force of economic growth is innovation, though it alone is not enough. A nation needs to be equipped with the necessary human capital who can contribute via innovation to the new economic model, and this would require a high level of education and technical proficiency among the populace. This entails perpetual skills upgrades, the commitment towards acquiring knowledge and skills at all stages of life and the realignment of the work structure and organization. Productivity and economic performance have risen exponentially in this new economic model because of advances in technology, research and development and human capital. In a nut shell, technology powers the new economy which is propelled by human capital. Knowledge is the new trading commodity and the internet is its virtual marketplace (Adams, 1965). To harness the best out of international opportunities entails more attractive tax frameworks, more capital invested in research and development and greater stress on training and education. Industries should group into clusters that promote excellence to develop global niche markets. The impact of the new international economy is all encompassing and is not merely restricted to economic boundaries. Its influence can be seen in all aspects of our lives ranging from the way in which we interact with one another to how we are educated and perform our social obligations. For instance, sectors that lead the information revolution such as banking, e-commerce, public services and education enable users to access information, products and services from a global marketplace at the click of a mouse. Never before in human history has change occurred at such a lightning speed and with such profound implications that reverberate throughout the globe. It can be said that the information and communications technology revolution have made distance and time inconsequential, and new technology continues to push boundaries and limitations further away (Cravens Piercy, 2006) . It is nothing short of a Brave New World. Due to the negative impact of globalization, governments around the world have instituted legislature to contain and mitigate the harmful effects TNCs may cause. For example, the government of Malaysia has placed restrictions on the opening hours and location of foreign-owned hypermarkets to minimize their impact on small and petty traders. Various forms of protectionism and trade barriers have caused TNCs to adapt their operations in the countries that they operate. This is because there are numerous problems of implementation which may adversely affect a countrys attractiveness as a place to do business. However, governments and people are still wary of them. This is why TNCs need to engage in corporate social responsibility to prove that they benefit the community as a whole, or in other words, to legitimize their activities. TNCs need to prove that they contribute to the community in which they operate and are sincere in their efforts to improve it and not siphon off the countrys riches and flee to other places that provide lower operating costs. As mentioned earlier, owing to the scale and scope of TNCs, whatever action taken by them will impact the environment and the lives of many. For example, the petroleum and mining industries cause widespread damage to the environment either through accident or negligence. Any negative impact will ultimately affect the TNCs the most. Lawsuits can arise as a result of harmful activities that could potentially run for years and ruin the TNCs financially and in reputation. Therefore, TNCs in high risk industries would actually be acting in their best interest by minimizing their impact on the environment. As a start, TNCs should at least clear up oil spills or fill deadly mines which are caused by their activities. Many large industries cause rampant air, water and in some cases, sound pollution. The increased emission of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming. Through globalization, companies that are in the same industry but based in different countries are linked together through alliances or coalitions. As a result of these alliances and coalitions, international policies and agreements play an important role in maintaining good relationships among companies. Also, international alliances foster closer bonds among companies which in turn strengthen a particular industry as companies cooperate to come up with new strategies (Johnson, Scholes Whitting, 2005). Another positive impact of globalization is that organizations mature and improve as a whole in their attempts to deal with problems on a more global scale. The organization structure needs to be streamlined so that it is adept to identify and respond to challenges. This is done by altering levels of hierarchy and control, linkages and reward structure. Consequently, we can surmise that development goes hand in hand with globalization. Companies need to innovate, improve and formula te new strategies and work methods to better cope with changes in the operating environment so that they can function effectively. Therefore, it is imperative that the organization is modified and possibly restructured so that it can cope with an increase in workforce and operating processes that characterizes a transnational corporation. Two good ways of adjusting a company are restructuring and remodelling. Another major impact of globalization is the formation of formal relations between governments and corporations. Transnational corporations need to negotiate with governments to decide on how and which markets to enter. Corporations need to make negotiations with governments and comply with the legal, political and social environment in the country they wish to enter so as to ensure a harmonious relationship between the government and the company. Indeed, understanding another country and its government well can prove to be advantageous to the company. Building good and meaningful relationships with governments will help a company to have long term presence in a foreign country. Finally, globalization promotes the competitiveness of companies within the same industry. A transnational corporation is well poised to compete with companies of similar size as it can utilize its resources on a global scale. Participating in an international market is beneficial to a company because it is better able to meet the needs and demands of a wider public and this gives it a competitive advantage over its peers that operate domestically only. This is a matter of perception as stakeholders such as suppliers, would prefer to engage with firms that have a global outreach. Conclusion TNCs should take the lead in environmental issues by investing in technology that minimizes the destruction and degradation of the environment of which they are sometimes the main culprits. They should find ways to reduce their carbon footprint and engage in community activities such as planting trees, adopting a forest, cleaning up polluted water supplies and protecting mangrove swamps. In the area of safety and human rights, TNCs often fall short of societys expectations. Issues like contamination of food products, excessive levels of lead in childrens toys and faulty cars will negatively affect the sales of a company. Likewise, cases of lax safety precautions and accidents at mines or the use of child labour to manufacture shoes will tarnish the reputation of any TNC. Many customers will recoil from purchasing items that have been made by children who are forced into slavery while human rights groups may protest against labour exploitation of workers in factories. Based on this discussion, one can infer that business management and globalization are concepts that are symbiotic in nature, when placed in the context of transnational organizations. A firm must formulate strategies that allow it to jump on the globalization bandwagon, strategies that endow it with the ability to better cope with the challenges and problems that it faces. Furthermore, formulating international market strategies permit a transnational organization to collect appropriate and extra information pertaining to its target markets. Such information is extremely useful when a company develops new products and services to cater to the needs, wants and demands of its target customers. Companies are motivated to become globalized for a number of reasons.

Climate Change Is A Hot - 862 Words

Assignment 3: Climate Change Global climate change is a hot (pun intended) topic in today’s modern, industrialized world. This topic however is crowded with lots of baseless opinions and politicized debates. Even when observing the â€Å"facts† we see that this coin is most definitely two-sided, the information can be and is interpreted in a number of ways depending on which side of the issue you stand. Within this paper I am going to examine both sides of argument with sources from two films, â€Å"Are We Changing Planet Earth†, â€Å"Global Warming: Hype or Hazard?† and a book, â€Å"This Borrowed Earth: 15 Lesson from the worst environmental disasters around the world† by Robert Emmet Hernan. The first side I’m going to discuss is the â€Å"Pro† side. That is, the side with supporters claiming global climate change is both real, likely anthropological and must be addressed immediately. The arguments on this side tend to observe meas urable changes in our environment in the past several hundred to several thousand years, observing previous trends and attempting to match them with future expectations, then comparing them with current realities. The sourced film â€Å"Are We Changing Planet Earth† goes into quite a bit of depth on these particular aspects. Traveling around the world, they inspected what were mostly relatively recent events and how they affected the people and animals. One such example was in Mongolia where the farming industry is rapidly changing to compensate for the progressiveShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is A Hot Topic1086 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change is a hot topic (pun intended), with supporters on both sides. Some claim that climate change is a hoax, while others agree that it is happening. I believe it is important to understand that the earth’s climate does naturally go through cycles – look at our geological history of ice ages and hothouses – but als o recognize that human activity has greatly advanced the rate at which our planet is warming. The planet naturally goes through periods of extreme cooling and heating. That’sRead MoreClimate Change : A Hot Topic Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Recent years, climate change has become a hot topic. Scientists constantly express their concern about the devastating results that the climate change has brought us or about to happen to us. According to a new estimate conducted by Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change, if humans continued using fossil fuels in current rate, the Earth’s average temperature would rise by between 2.6 and 4.8 degrees above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which may result in a series of catastrophicRead MoreClimate Change Is A Hot Topic On Today s World1501 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s no secret that climate change is a hot topic in today’s world. Some believe that it is real, and some don’t, but none the less it is at the center of all debates. Our everyday life and amenities are at the mercy of the climate. Although most people agree that the earth is warming up, they don’t agree on how, why, or the way it will change the future. It is argued that global warming a lso known as climate change, is due to emissions of carbon from human activity into the atmosphere, causingRead MoreGlobal Climate Change Has Become A Hot Topic1778 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal climate change has become a hot topic in recent years. Countries have recently been working together to improve air quality, water systems, and waste management. A large contribution to our climate issue, is how governments and companies release chemicals, and waste into the environment. This law would allow for the people and the government to step in, and make sure companies follow through in keeping the environment safe. The reason this law is necessary, is that the United States is oneRead MoreClimate Change Has Been Recently A Hot Debate Among Politicians, Industry Experts And Scientists1362 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change has been recently a hot debate among politicians, industry experts and scientists, in particular after Paris agreement in Dec 2015. This agreement sets out a global action plan to limit global warming below 2 degree centigrade by reducing carbon emission (European Commission 2015). Fossil fuel combustion is the most important player in carbon emission although certain industrial processes and land-use changes have some contribution (Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2016). Therefore; it isRead MoreHow Does the Climate of Italy, Spain, and Greece Affect the Fruit Crops they grow?1043 Words   |  5 Pagessame region of Europe, their climates are almost nearly the same. As for their fruit, they had their own unique fruits as they are in different regions of Mediterranean. They may hav e some same kinds of fruits with each other. How these two, climate and fruit, connected with each other? Some people said that only the landforms can change the climate. Some people said the climates can change the food. What is the relationship between climates and fruit? Most of the climates that Italy, Spain, and GreeceRead MoreThe Importance Of Weather Patterns And Extremes1241 Words   |  5 PagesWeather Patterns and Extremes The Central Valley has many weather hazards that can be linked to cyclones and various frontal formations, with the most common hazards being droughts and heat waves. Chang et al. (2015) evaluated the change in precipitation due to extratropical cyclone activity and found that most of the precipitation that the region receives during the winter is due to extratropical cyclones and their fronts. When evaluating three consecutive winters, results showed that precipitationRead MoreExtreme Climate Groups Project : Climate Group Project884 Words   |  4 PagesExtreme Climate Group Project Each group will be assigned to one of the following extreme climate places: Death Valley, California- Extreme Heat/ Extreme Dry Antarctica- Extreme Cold Kauai, Hawaii- Extreme Wet Sahara Desert- Extreme Dry Kilimanjaro- Extreme Altitude You will need to research and explain the following about your location: Describe the climate: What is the general weather pattern, explain in detail- giving the temperature averages and precipitation. Explain why this place has theRead MoreThe Differences Between Architects Le Corbusier And Laurie Baker1099 Words   |  5 PagesHow Do Concerns Such As Sustainability And Climate Change Relate To A Contemporary Visual Culture? Formally Analyse The Difference Between Architects Le Corbusier And Laurie Baker In Conjunction With The Required Readings. Jason Mikha Student Number: 27004791 Art and design theory C December 2015 This essay will discuss the differences between the two architects, Le Corbusier and Laurie Baker and how concerns such as sustainability and climate change relates to contemporary visual culture. LeRead MoreEssay On Climate Weather930 Words   |  4 Pages Using a color-coded graft to emphasize Climate date records as far back as 1880 to 2016, to show seasonal month cycles on a global map from the NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies. The article shows in September 2017, was the hottest weather in over 137 years. Using trusted historical measurements as part of their tools, NASA was able to visibly show the global land specific heat temperature data in a transparent manner. The practice of monitoring the global temperature to keep records

Eating Disorders Essays - 1393 Words

Introduction When you think of the words â€Å"eating disorders†, you automatically picture someone who is thin. This is partly true because people who suffer from anorexia or bulimia are relatively thin, but what you did not know is that there is also an eating disorder that affects mostly those who are obese and it is called binge eating. Eating disorders are any of several psychological disorders characterized by serious disturbances of eating behavior (Merriam Webster, 2014), the best-known eating disorders are bulimia nervosa, binge eating and anorexia nervosa (Yancey, 1999). Not only do eating disorders have the highest mortality rate than any other mental illnesses, but it is estimated that in the U.S. twenty-four million†¦show more content†¦There is not exactly a specific age group that bulimia tends to affect and because of this 1-2% of adolescents suffer from this disorder (NEDA Feeding Hope) It is estimated that 10-15% of bulimics are male, and gay men account for 14% of male bulimics (ANAD), although men are more reluctant to seek help because bulimia is considered a â€Å"women’s illness† (Colwell, 2012). Approximately 4% of females in the U.S will develop bulimia in their lifetime, according to Boston Children’s Hospital 1-5% of adolescents suffer from bulimia (Nordqvist, 2009), the mortality rate for bulimics is 3.9% with only 6% of both men and women seeking any help or treatment. (Eating Disorder Hope) There are many risk factors that play a role in whether or not an individual develops anorexia such as: being bullied, victims of physical or sexual abuse, low self-esteem, genetics and cultural factors. (Nordqvist, 2009) Although there isn’t a treatment that completely treats and helps an individual overcome bulimia methods such as: psychotherapy, family therapy, counseling and medication have been proven to help those with bulimia (Nordqvist, 2009). The only medication that is approved in the U.S. to help those w ho suffer from bulimia and because of it have developed depression is Prozac, but those with bulimia and no signs of depression may still benefit from it (Nordqvist, 2009). 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This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

New Trends In E-Business E-Government And M-Commerce Essay

Abstract The internet has emerged as a major, perhaps eventually the most important worldwide distribution channel for goods, services, managerial and professional jobs. This has profoundly changed the economics, markets and industry structure, products and services and their flow. The consumer segmentation, values and behavior has been shifting constantly due to new technological advances in electronic commerce and mobile commerce. E-commerce has given consumers cheaper products and services, instant delivery, no sales tax and information availability. The changes in the Internet and World Wide Web technologies and services lead to new developments in the way E-government efforts provide services to citizens and businesses, and in the†¦show more content†¦It was discovered that through the use of this technology, customers could to business transactions with the organization electronically, and this led to the birth of â€Å"electronic business,† also referred as â€Å"E-Com merce†. An E-business model is an approach to conducting electronic business on the Internet, E-business transactions take place between two major entities-business and consumers. All E-business activities happen within the framework of two types of business relationship: (1) the exchange of products and services between business (B2B) and (2) the exchange of products and services with consumers (B2C), this is taken from Business Driven Information Systems book. E-Government The discoveries achieved in early days of Web-enabled technologies through the use of electronic business led to the discovery of â€Å"electronic government†, also known as â€Å"eGov†. Government organizations began using these technologies to develop various applications to serve and govern their population in a fashion that was not possible a decade earlier. E-government uses improved Internet-based technology to make it easy for citizens and businesses to interact with the government, save taxpayer dollars, and streamline citizen-to-government communication. (Whitehouse). Now a days, E-government applicationsShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Greening Of Management1336 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze why the trend of green management strategies and perspectives have proven successful. In addition to the behaviors of the MoD, a green management perspective illustrated by management studies shows that companies that integrate green management appeal to a sector of stakeholde rs called â€Å"green stakeholders.† Green stakeholders are made up of the average environmentally-conscious consumer purchasing products or services from the organization, but also meet the demands set by government agencies throughRead MoreForms and Classification of Online Business1729 Words   |  7 PagesForms and classification of online business According to (Adam, Z.R.), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact withRead MoreE Commerce1203 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerceRead MoreEssay about The ECommerce Environment of Singapore1496 Words   |  6 PagesIndonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally c omprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapores two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. SingaporeRead Moreâ€Å"Emerging Trends in Commerce Education to Face the Challenges of Dynamic Business World†1621 Words   |  7 PagesORIGINAL ARTICLE â€Å"Emerging trends in Commerce Education to face the challenges of dynamic business world† Jitendra Ahirrao1 and Prakash Ratanlal Rodiya2 1 Asoociate Professor, Department of Commerce,Smt. Dankunwar Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jalna.E-mail: drahirrao@indiatimes.com 2 (M. Com., M. Phil., UGC NET)H. No. 135, Near Vitthal Mandir, Mahada Colony,Mantha Road, Jalna-431203. E-mail: prakashrodiya@rediffmail.com Abstract: Commerce education is business education. 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The Internet has changed the way we communicate, the way we learn and the way we trade. Communication trends have changed in the past few years that no one would have predicted. It is ev ident that the InternetRead MoreEssay How Is The Internet Reshaping Culture1362 Words   |  6 Pagesstandardized Internet Protocol (IP). It is made up of thousands of smaller commercial, academic, domestic, and government networks. It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. (Wikipedia). The Internet has changed the way we communicate, the way we learn and the way we trade. Communication trends have changed in the past few years that no one would have predicted. 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Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt Free Essays

Introduction This essay is going to compare and contrast the theoretical foundations of A.T.Beck’s Cognitive therapy (CT) and A. We will write a custom essay sample on Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ellis’s Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy (REBT). The first is going to bring out and emphasize on the similarities, the second paragraphs is going to focus on the differences in their theories that makes them pioneers in their own field, Paragraph four is going to talk and argue the strength and limitations of CT and paragraph five will argue the strength and weaknesses of REBT theories and the sixth paragraph will summarize the essay as a whole. Both theories (CT and REBT) share some common characteristics. They both believe in cognition which stresses on our thoughts and beliefs, emphasising on how our feelings are not caused directly by a situation or event, but by the meaning we attach to the situation. They both focus on treatment planning and case conceptualization, CT is formulation driven and REBT disputes irrational beliefs. Both theories believe that peoples thoughts, beliefs and interpretations about themselves is the notion they will have in their life event (Westbrook D. et al 2007, p.3), i.e. what we think and do affect how we feel. Becks CT and Ellis’s REBT both deals more on here and now than the past, for they prefer to tackle problems directly by focusing on those factors that are presently accommodating the problem and then changing the whole process (Westbrook D. et al ,2007, p.5.), rather than digging into the past that has no significant effect on the present issue. They are both goal focussed, R EBT is aimed at re-educating client so their life philosophy is rational. While CT focuses on how thinking and behaviour play an important role in people’s emotional difficulties. The theories both have structured agendas and set homework (Westbrook et al) and (Collins, need to know). Despite all this similarities, their base (origin) is different, which has brought some differences in their theories. The most important difference between A T Becks CT and A Ellis’s REBT is that CT is empirically based (science) psychotherapy. It believes that it is not a particular situation or event that directly causes problems, but the meaning we attach to the situation, while REBT is philosophically based (Padesky C A 2005) which focuses on negative thoughts. This difference in them has brought about division in the initial therapies that were formally in existence. Becks therapy centres on automatic thoughts and how dysfunctional a belief can be by teaching clients the skills that will enable them to caution their belief (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.215). Beck uses Socratic methods and collaborative (guided discovery) to help client ascertain and test their own belief by experiment and personal observation, While Ellis based his theory on Irrationality focusing on negative thoughts and helps client to separate functional from dysfunctional thoughts (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.218). Ellis uses ABC model (A=activating event /what you are aware of, B=belief/ negative thought about the situation and C=consequences/emotional reaction), which indicates that an events or situation you are aware of, triggers to set off a negative belief about a situation and leads to consequence (emotional reaction). REBT approach stressed actively working to change a client’s self-defeating beliefs and behaviour by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and r igidity. Ellis believed that through rational analysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand their self defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational construct. Ellis uses varieties of methods which seems to be more effective to change underlying assumptions (â€Å"should and musts†) by directly going against what he calls Irrational believes (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.217) by engaging in row with the client. Beck has been consistent with scientific (empirical) findings regarding particular problems and focusing on thought consistency. Ellis’s REBT theory leads to more empirical investigation in individual clients than CT theory probably does. CT has different models for specific problems and disorders such as Depression (Beck et al, 1979), Social Anxiety (Clark and Wells, 1995) and Low self-esteem (Fennel, 1998). It focuses on whatever levels of thought are needed to alleviate problem, while REBT challenges factual statements and inferences more than should. Having looked at the similarities and differences between CT and REBT, It will be ideal to also look at their individual strengths and limitations. CT has become the most popular and most validated form of CBT. It is widely known and largely in use worldwide and it has in recent decade spread more rapidly than REBT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p211) due to lack of extensive research on REBT. Beck’s CT has scientifically certified treatment and made diagnosis on so many problems including Anxiety and Depression which are very common problems that require counselling. CT is ethical and evidence based, in the sense that it builds confidence in the end users on how effective the treatment they are going to get is going to be (Westbrook et al, 2007, p6). CT is collaborative by discouraging dependence on counsellors by allowingclients to be experts on their own problems while the therapist, guide the client to re-discover themselves by working as a team with each party standing as an expe rt in its own field. But with REBT, the therapist is an expert all the way in the client’s problem. Ellis’s REBT also has some strengths and limitations attached to it. REBT emphasizes basic understanding of thinking processes and learned skills to reduce relapse more, probably, than does CT (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.216). REBT stresses the direct disputation of believes, especially when irrational beliefs are shown to client and disputed by the therapist, clients are shown other cognitive, experiential, and behavioural way of discovering and disputing them. REBT shows the client that â€Å"must should† is likely lying behind their word when the client belief cannot be formulated in their own words (Padesky Beck, 2003, p.16). But REBT falls in the danger of imposing its own philosophy on client, it doesn’t emphasize emotions much and focuses too much on thought and also fails to explain why one clings on to their beliefs. References Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2003), Science and philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. Journal of cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(3), 211-224. Ellis, A. (2005). Discussion of â€Å"Science and philosophy: Comparison of cognitive therapy and rational Emotive Behaviour therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 181-185. Padesky, C.A., Beck, A.T. (2005). Response to Ellis’s discussion of â€Å"Science and Philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy†. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(2), 187-189. Westbrook D; Kennerley H; and Kirk J. Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Collins; need to knowCognitive Behavioural Therapy, 2008. McLeod J, An introduction to counselling, third edition. Adams R; Dominelli L and Payne M, Social Work- Themes, Issues and critical debates. How to cite Theoritical Foundation of a T Beck’s Ct and A. Ellis Rebt, Essay examples

Broadcasting Programming And The Audience Essay Research free essay sample

Broadcasting, Programming, And The Audience Essay, Research Paper Broadcasting, Programming, and The Audience Steiner # 8217 ; s Model Steiner # 8217 ; s model on programming penchants and broadcast medium picks attempts to demo how Stationss come to the decision of what programming to demo. This theoretical account goes on the premise that broadcasters will travel after the largest audience possible. Traveling on the information given about this conjectural state of affairs, we can foretell what each of the four Stationss in this market will demo. There are three distinguishable audience penchants. The first groups of 1200 viewing audiences has a first scheduling penchant of situation comedies and a 2nd pick of soaps. The 2nd group Numberss 900 viewing audiences and would pick bulls foremost and lather 2nd. The 3rd group, 500 viewing audiences, likes soaps foremost and situation comedies and their 2nd pick. This theoretical account says that the audience will watch their first pick foremost and so the 2nd pick, but merely is their first pick is non available. Let # 8217 ; s say that the Federal Communications Commission licenses station A in their market. Looking at the spectator penchants, station A would get down to broadcast soaps. By show soaps, it would capture a market of 2600 viewing audiences. All viewing audiences would watch because soaps is their first pick or it is their 2nd pick but their first is non available. The FCC so offers a licence to station B. After analyzing the audience sizes, Stationss B besides starts to demo soaps. By programming to this audience, it splits the soaps market with station A and both of them have 1300 viewing audiences. Station B does non pick another scheduling because no other pick can offer more than 1300 viewing audiences. When the FCC offers a licence to station C, things will decidedly alteration in this market. Station C sees the biggest audience available is the situation comedy market with 1200 viewing audiences. But when station C takes that 1200 viewing audiences from the soap audience which clasp situation comedies as their first pick, station A and B will both bead to 700 viewing audiences. They now have to do a determination. Both can happen larger markets elsewhere. One station, and it does non count which one, will exchange to hook shows. For this conjectural, station B would take bulls for 900 viewing audiences. Station A, who still is demoing soaps, now merely has 500 viewing audiences. It does non like that, so it starts to demo situation comedies. Audience 3, with 500 viewing audiences, now is watching situation comedies because there are no soaps out at that place. Station A and C are both demoing situation comedies and are dividing a viewer audience of 1700 for 850 each. Now that the viewing audiences are confused about what station is demoing what, the FCC offers a 4th licence to station D. After scrutiny, station D decides to get down airing situation comedies in competition with Stationss A and C. All three Stationss have an audience portion of 566. That is more than the 500 soap viewing audiences or dividing the 900 bulls viewing audiences with station B. Although Steiner # 8217 ; s theoretical account is non excessively far off what happens in today # 8217 ; s telecasting landscape, it does hold a twosome of drawbacks that keeps it from being a true theoretical account. Steiner does non take into consideration that some audiences are more valuable to advertizers than others. Because advertizers want certain viewing audiences, Stationss might plan to that audience to pull more advertising dollars. Steiner besides assumes that as Stationss go into competition with another station, they will divide the audience every bit. That is non ever the instance. Viewing audiences will watch the station they believe has the better quality, even if there are two or three Stationss demoing the same thing. This theoretical account does offer some penetrations on how Stationss and webs make determinations. Just expression at the Television Guide and see how many situation comedies there are on any given dark. This besides shows why some minority viewing audiences neer get programming directed at them. The Stationss are traveling to the bulk audiences which have larger Numberss. The minority spectator penchants, under these theoretical account, have to hold another station before they get to see their shows, in this state of affairs. First Transcript Costss First transcript costs in the newspaper industry are the fixed costs of having a paper and publishing the first 1. First transcript costs include the money spend on points that are necessary for the newspaper to be printed. These fixed costs do non change as the figure of documents increases or lessenings. Because they do non change, they are really of import and must be covered by advertisement and subscriptions. These fixed costs include the physical works, the imperativenesss, the printers, newsmans, lensmans, other staff members and the bringing trucks. The interesting things about fixed costs is that you have to hold them. You can non stint or merely non purchase them. To cut corners, a paper does non engage newsmans, but how does it cover the local intelligence? Whether or non you print a paper, you still must pay for that material. To calculate the first transcript costs of a newspaper, the fixed costs and the cost of the paper and ink of the first issue off the imperativeness are added together. For case, allow # 8217 ; s say that the fixed costs of a newspaper is $ 1 million and the first issue costs $ 1 to publish. The first transcript costs $ 1,000,001. Looking at this, it sounds like newspapers would neer do any money, but we have non figured in variable costs. These include the paper, ink and related costs of running the imperativeness. As the measure of documents goes up, these monetary values normally go down. As the measure continues to travel up, the norm cost comes down and each paper gets cheaper and cheaper. First transcript costs keep many documents from having their ain imperativenesss. Large dailies must have their ain imperativenesss in order to run into distribution deadlines and guarantee that the ir paper gets printed on clip. Smaller documents can non afford that foremost transcript cost, so they have to contract with other to publish their paper. First transcript costs are a finding factor in how a paper is operated. Whether it owns it ain imperativenesss or non, the size of its staff and how frequently it prints is all tied into these first transcript costs. Economy of Scale with Cable Television By the nature of the animal, overseas telegram operators usually get sole franchises to provide a community with their overseas telegram service ; so speaking about competition in the overseas telegram industry sounds like an oxymoron. But there are marks that it might really vie in a manner. Less than 50 metropoliss in the United States are overbuilt, or have more than one overseas telegram supplier. Yet surveies show that those overbuilt metropoliss have lower basic overseas telegram subscription rates, $ 14.31 compared to $ 17.31. Can competition within the overseas telegram system be created? Probably non. The barriers against entry for new overseas telegram operators in a specific market are great. To get down with, the new operator must acquire a franchise understanding with that metropolis. The incumbent franchise will non stand still for this. Those in the local authorities besides will fear that the incumbent franchise might alter benefits or upset the local political state of affairs. Economicss of Scale would propose that the officeholder would hold lower mean costs because they are already at that place and have a better distribution system. The 2nd franchise would hold high entry costs because they have to threading their ain overseas telegram and many times they have to bury the new overseas telegram. This extra work means high building costs and community exasperation as they rupture up roads and paces. The officeholder can use hold tactics to do it really hard to get down up new franchises. From political force per unit area to cases to dropping monetary value and maintaining their clients happy, holds will do the new cat on the block discouraged and out. Within the overseas telegram operator webs, like TCI or CableVision, webs themselves own or have a fiscal involvement in some of the channels they carry. Time-Warner owns TBS, CNN and a host of other channels started by the Turner Broadcast System. Although this sounds like a serious misdemeanor of the anti-trust Torahs, no competition has been put up against this pattern. In fact, it has been shown that multi-system operators and overbuilt metropoliss # 8217 ; operators are more likely to provide channels owned by other webs. Transporting their ain channels allows webs to increase net incomes and helps maintain subscription rates down. And, as a practical affair, overseas telegram systems demand channels to set out at that place for people to watch. Owning or holding fiscal involvement in channels ensures that they have programming to transport. With all the things traveling against the competition of overseas telegram systems, the market demand for overseas telegram is elastic. The Crandall survey, sponsored by TCI, showed that an elastic rate of 2.2 agencies that as subscription rates go up 1 per centum, 2.2 per centum of the endorsers will call off their service. As the market show snap, the world is that is usually does non work that manner. To carry endorsers to take their higher rates, overseas telegram operators offer new channels along with the rate hiking. The figure of channels has traditionally been a step of quality and as # 8220 ; quality # 8221 ; goes up, so can the rates. Cable in the close hereafter will see some competition from sectors outside of the overseas telegram industry. The Telecommunication Act of 1996 will do it easier for telephone and public-service corporation companies to travel caput to caput with the overseas telegram operators. This might alter the competition landscape of overseas telegram Television. Programing To the Minority Audiences Because webs and broadcasters look to capture the largest audience possible, many times the minority gustatory sensations are ignored. These minorities now have more picks today than they did before as engineering expands. Steiner # 8217 ; s pattern described how broadcasters went after larger audiences and skip over minority gustatory sensations. As engineering progresss and more Stationss are introduced, Steiner # 8217 ; s theoretical account would propose that those minority gustatory sensations were met. In a state of affairs where authorities regulates a little figure of broadcast Stationss, minority gustatory sensation audiences have small resort. The lone option that they have is to petition the authorities to coerce the Stationss to plan to them. Such was the instance with spiritual groups. They got the Federal Communications Commission to do Stationss apportion clip for specific faiths and their shows. In a authorities sponsored market with a limited figure of channels, some programming for the minority gustatory sensations will look. The authorities would patronize a channel that showed minority gustatory sensation programming. On the down side here, the other broadcasters will go on to disregard minority gustatory sensations because their demands are met someplace else. Broadcasters will go on to take for the bulk markets. Today, with an limitless figure of channels available, minorities have programming provided to them. Those with minority gustatory sensations can now get down their ain channel to provide purely to themselves. Whatever their gustatory sensations, they will hold it. The benefit of limitless channel supply is that the market audience supports acquiring more and more scheduling. Once person see a type of programming work and do money, they might travel after the same market. Broadcasters who one time avoid that type of programming can now get down another channel and pat into that market without take awaying from its bulk audience scheduling. As the engineering improves and allows more and more minority groups to acquire involved with broadcast medium, we will get down to see a crisp addition in forte channels ; more than what we presently see.